At its core, Sustainability is about meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

In the corporate world, this principle is implemented through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), a practice demonstrating a company’s commitment to minimizing its impact on society.

Scandinavian countries, often regarded as pioneers in global sustainability and CSR, have developed a practical approach to enhancing sustainability and CSR over many years.

This approach has been nurtured by the region’s history, culture, and political environment.

Nations like Sweden, Denmark, and Norway are often commended for their distinctive approach to sustainability and CSR.

These countries have cultivated a societal framework prioritising balance, harmony, low power distance, participatory leadership, and democratic values.

The question arises: Is the Scandinavian model of sustainability and CSR universally applicable, or is it specific to its context?

Scandinavian Values Shaping Sustainability and CSR

Living a Lagom life, a concept rooted in moderation, balance, and harmony, is pivotal in shaping the Scandinavian approach to sustainability and CSR.

Scandinavia’s distinctive model is based on the cultural emphasis on feminine aspects, low power distance in organizations, participatory leadership, and a deep-seated appreciation for democracy.

• Lagom: This Swedish term, meaning “just the right amount,” reflects a broader societal commitment to sustainability by encouraging mindful consumption and sustainable living.
• Feminine Culture: Scandinavian societies value cooperation, quality of life, and environmental care, which naturally align with sustainable practices.
• Low Power Distance: Organizations emphasize equality and participation, fostering an environment where sustainable practices are not just top-down directives but collective efforts.
• Democratic Values: These countries’ strong democratic traditions encourage public involvement in decision-making, leading to policies that reflect a commitment to long-term environmental stewardship.

The Limits of Cultural Norms

While these qualities are prevalent in Scandinavian societies, they are norms and tendencies rather than absolutes.

As Hofstede’s critique of cultural dimensions suggests, cultural traits can vary significantly within a region.

Not all Scandinavians or organizations uniformly prioritize sustainability and CSR. Some might adopt different approaches, possibly influenced by external pressures or differing values.

Diversity Within Scandinavia: Even within the region, there are variations in how sustainability and CSR are perceived and implemented. Factors such as industry type, organizational leadership, and individual values can lead to different CSR practices.

Global Applicability: Challenges in Adopting Scandinavian Models

Several challenges emerge when considering the global applicability of the Scandinavian approach to sustainability and CSR.

Not all countries have the same social, economic, or environmental conditions that support such a model.

• Economic Disparities: Countries facing extreme poverty may prioritize immediate survival over long-term sustainability. For example, sustainability and CSR might be considered secondary concerns in regions lacking basic needs.
  Figure 1: Correlation between GDP per capita and CSR adoption rates globally.
• Political Systems: Nations with extreme political conditions, such as North Korea’s extreme socialism, might lack the political and social infrastructure to adopt Scandinavian-inspired sustainability models.
• Environmental Challenges: Countries experiencing extreme climate conditions, such as prolonged droughts, may struggle to implement sustainable practices when faced with immediate ecological crises.

Conclusion: A Context-Specific Model

While the Scandinavian model of sustainability and CSR offers valuable insights, it is not universally applicable. The success of these practices in Scandinavia is closely tied to specific cultural, social, and economic conditions that may not be present elsewhere. For nations to adopt similar practices, they must consider their unique circumstances and adapt the principles to fit their context.

Sources

• UN Environment Programme. (2023). Global Environmental Outlook. Link.
• Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Sage Publications.
• World Bank Data on GDP per Capita. (2024). Global Economic Indicators. Link.